Conventionally Broadcast Encryption (BE) Schemes

Conventionally Broadcast Encryption (BE) Schemes ABSTRACT Conventionally broadcast encryption (BE) schemes enable a sender to securely broadcast to any subset of members, however it requires a trusted party to circulate decryption keys. Group key agreement protocols authorize a group of members to negotiate a common encryption passkey through spread out networks so that only the batch members can decode the ciphertextsviz encrypted under the shared encryption key, but a sender cannot debar any particular member from decrypting the ciphertexts. This project infers two notions with a hybrid primitive referred to as Auxiliary Propagate encoding. In this new primitive, a common public encoding key is agreed by group members who hold a individual decoding passkey. A sender viewing the public group encoding passkey can restrict the decoding to a subdivision of members of his preference. The scheme is proven to be fully collusion-resistant under the decision n-Bilinear Diffie-Hellman Exponentiation presumption in the standard imitation. Of unaided interest, the project presents a new BE scheme that is aggregatable. The cumulative property is shown to be useful to construct advanced protocols. Keywords-Multicast encoding, Auxiliary Propagate Encoding, Provable Security, Group key agreement INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Along the rapidly leading and prevalent communion technologies, there is an increasing bid for handy cryptographic primeval to protect group conversations and ciphering platforms. These platforms include instant-messaging tools, collaborative ciphering, mobile ad hoc networks and communal net. These new applications call for cryptographic primitives allowing a sender to soundly encrypt to any subdivision of the users of the services without relying on a fully credible dealer. Broadcast encoding is a well-studied primeval intended for secure group-oriented communications. It allows a sender to soundly broadcast to any subdivision of the group members Nonetheless, a BE system heavily relies on a fully trusted key server who produces classified decoding passkeys for the members and can read all the communion to any members. Group key agreement is another well-defined cryptographic primeval to secure group-oriented communions. A traditional GKA enables a group of members to setup a common secret passkey through spread out networks. However, whenever a sender wants to share an information to a group, he must first join the group and run a GKA protocol to share a classified passkey with the intended members. More recently, and to overthrow this limitation, Wu et al. popularized asymmetric GKA, a common public encoding key is agreed by group members who hold a individual decoding passkey. However, neither traditional symmetric GKA nor the newly introduced asymmetric GKA enables the sender to unilaterally exclude any particular member from reading the plaintext. Hence, it is necessary to find several adjustable cryptographic primeval en abling dynamic broadcasts without a fully credible dealer. The Auxiliary Propagate Encoding primitive, viz a hybrid of GKA and BE. Compared to its preliminary Asia crypt 2011 version, this project provides complete security proofs, elaborates the necessity of the aggregatability of the hidden BE building block and shows the practicality of the scheme with experiments. The main contributions are as follows. First, the primitive and explains its security definitions. Auxiliary Broadcast Encoding incorporates the elemental ideas of GKA and BE. A group of members interact through free networks to agree a public encoding passkey while each member holds a different secret decoding key. Using the public encryption passkey, anyone can encode any message to any subdivision of the group members and only the intended receivers can decrypt. Unlike GKA, Auxiliary enables the sender to exclude some members from reading the ciphertexts. Compared to Broadcast Encryption, Auxiliary Propagate Encoding does not need a fully credible third party to set up the system. Characterize collusion resistance by defining an attacker who can fully control every member farther the affianced receivers but cannot extract useful message from the cipher text. Second, the notion of aggregatable broadcast encoding. Coarsely speaking, a Broadcast Encoding scheme is aggregatable if its secure instances can be aggregated into a new secure instance of the BE system. Specifically, only the aggregated decoding keys of the same user are valid decoding keys corresponding to the aggregated public passkeys of the hidden Broadcast Encryption examples. The aggregatability of AggBE schemes is beneficial in the manufacturing of scheme and the BE schemes in the literature are not aggregatable. A detailed AggBE system tightly proven to be fully collusion-resistant beneath the decision BDHE assumption. The proposed AggBE system offers effectual encoding/decoding and short ciphertexts. Certainly, create an effectual Auxiliary Broadcast Encoding scheme with AggBE scheme as a building block. The Auxiliary Broadcast Encoding construction is proven to be semi-adaptively secure under the decision Bilinear Diffie-Hellman Exponentiation assumption in the standard model. Only one round is needed to form the public group encoding passkey and set up the Auxiliary Broadcast Encoding system. After the system set-up, the storage cost would be O(n) for sender as well as for group members, where n is the number of group members taking part in the setup stage. Although, the online complexity (which dominates the practicality of a Auxiliary Broadcast Encoding scheme) is very low. Post trade-off, the variant has O(n2=3) complexity in communion, calculations and storage. This is comparable to up-to-date regular Broadcast Encoding schemes which have O(n1=2) complexity in the same performance metrics, but system does not require a credile passkey dealer. Execute a chain of experiments and the experimental results verify the practicality of scheme. Potential Applications A potential application of Auxiliary Propagate Encoding is to secure data exchanged among friends via social networks. Since the Prism scandal, people are desperately concerned about the privacy of their personal data shared with their friends over social networks. Auxiliary Propagate Encoding can provide a feasible solution to this problem. Indeed, Phan et al underlined the applications of Auxiliary Propagate Encoding to social networks. In this scenario, if a group of users want to share their data without letting the social network operator know it, they this Encoding scheme. Since the setup procedure of Encoding only requires one round of communication, each member of the group just needs to broadcast one message to other intended members in a send-and-leave way, without the synchronization requirement. After receiving the messages from the other members, all the members share the encryption key that allows any user to selectively share his/her data to any subgroup of the members . Furthermore, it also allows sensitive data to be shared among different groups. Other applications may include contemporary messaging among family members, protected scientific research tasks jointly conducted by scientists from different places, and disaster rescue using a mobile ad hoc network. A common feature of these scenarios is that a group of users would like to exchange sensitive data but a fully credible third party is unavailable. Encoder provides an efficient solution to these applications. AIMS OBJECTIVES 2.1  AIM The Auxiliary Propagate Encoding primitive, viz a hybrid of GKA and BE. Compared to its preliminary Asia crypt 2011 version, this project provides complete security proofs, elaborates the necessity of the aggregatability of the hidden BE building block and shows the practicality of the scheme with experiments. The main aim are as follows. First, the primitive and explains its security definitions. Auxiliary Broadcast Encoding incorporates the elemental ideas of GKA and BE. A group of members interact through free networks to agree a public encoding passkey while each member holds a different secret decoding key. Using the public encryption passkey, anyone can encode any message to any subdivision of the group members and only the intended receivers can decrypt. Unlike GKA, Auxiliary enables the sender to exclude some members from reading the ciphertexts. Compared to Broadcast Encryption, Auxiliary Propagate Encoding does not need a fully credible third party to set up the system. Characterize collusion resistance by defining an attacker who can fully control every member farther the affianced receivers but cannot extract useful message from the cipher text. 2.2  OBJECTIVE The Auxiliary propagate Encoding primitive, which is a hybrid of GKA and BE.It provides complete security proofs, illustrates the necessity of the aggregatability of the underlying BE building block. ConBE incorporates the underlying ideas of GKA and BE. A group of members interact via open networks to negotiate a public encryption key while each member holds a different secret decryption key. Using the public encryption key, anyone can encrypt any message to any subset of the group members and only the intended receivers can decrypt. The collusion resistance by defining an attacker who can fully control all the members outside the intended receivers but cannot extract useful information from the ciphertext. The notion of aggregatable broadcast encryption (AggBE). Coarsely speaking, a BE scheme is aggregatable if its secure instances can be aggregated into a new secure instance of the BE scheme. Specifically, only the aggregated decryption keys of the same user are valid decryption keys corresponding to the aggregated public keys of the underlying BE instances. An efficient ConBE scheme with our AggBE scheme as a building block. The ConBE construction is proven to be semi-adaptively secure under the decision BDHE assumption in the standard model. LITERATURE SURVEY LITERATURE SURVEY 3.1 Paper on Broadcast Encryption: Several schemes that allow a center to broadcast a secret to any subset of privileged users out of a universe of size nso that coalitions of k users not in the privileged set cannot learn the secret. The most interesting scheme requires every user to store O(k log k Several schemes that allow a center to broadcast a secret to log n)keys and the center to broadcast O(k2 log2 k log n) messages regardless of the size of the privileged set. This scheme requires every user to store O(log k log(1/p)) keys and the center to broadcast O(k log2 k log(1/p)) messages. Algorithm: Step 1: Takes as input the number of receivers n, Setup(n) outputs private keys d1 , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, dn and public-key PK. Step 2: Takes as input a subset, Encrypt (S, PK, M): Encrypt M for users S à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  {1, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, n} Output ciphertext CT. Step 3: Takes as input a subset, Decrypt (CT, S, j, dj, PK): If j à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ½ S, output M. The key K can then be used to decrypt the broadcast body CM and obtain the message body M 3.2 Paper on Collusion Resistant Broadcast Encryption With Short Ciphertexts and Private Keys: This system describe two new public key broadcast encryption systems for stateless receivers. Both systems are fully secure against any number of colluders. This construction both ciphertexts and private keys are of constant size (only two group elements), for any subset of receivers. The public key size in this system is linear in the total number of receivers. Second system is a generalization of the first that provides a trade-off between ciphertext size and public key size. The system achieves a collusion resistant broadcast system for n users where both ciphertexts and public passkeys are of size O(à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡n) for any subset of receivers. Algorithm: Step 1: Let G be a bilinear group of order p. Pick a random generator g of G and random ÃŽÂ ±, ÃŽÂ ³ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€  Zp and, as usual, define gi = g(ÃŽÂ ± i ) and v = gÃŽÂ ³Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€  G. Step 2: Output the public key PK = {g, g1, , gn, gn+2, . . . , g2n, v} , it generates m shares of ÃŽÂ ³. Secret sharing generates the shares. Let f à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€  Zp[x] be a random polynomial of degree t à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 satisfying f(0) = ÃŽÂ ³. For j = 1, , m the jth share of ÃŽÂ ³ is defined as sj = f(j) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€  Zp. Step 3: User k à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€  {1, . . . , n} wants her private key dk = g ÃŽÂ ³kà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€  G. pick t administrator servers to help generate dk. To generate dk . For i = 1, . . . , it receives g si k from the ith administrator. It computes private key as dk = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚ i=1(gk8)ÃŽÂ »i . Then dk = gkà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœi=1 ÃŽÂ »i8i = g ÃŽÂ ³k as required. As usual all these messages are sent between the administrators and a user are over a private channel. 3.3 Paper on A Conference Key Distribution System: Encryption is used in a communication system to safeguard information in the transmitted messages from anyone other than the intended receiver. To perform the encryption and decryption the transmitter and receiver ought to have matching encryption and decryption keys. A clever way to generate these keys is to use the public key distribution system invented by Diffie and Hellman. The public key distribution system is generalized to a conference key distribution system (CKDS) which admits any group of stations to share the same encryption and decryption keys. The analysis reveals two important aspects of any conference key distribution system. One is the multi-tap resistance, which is a measure of the information security in the communication system. The other is the separation of the problem into two parts: the choice of a suitable symmetric function of the private keys and the choice of a suitable one-way mapping thereof. Algorithm : Step 1 : Consider A center chooses a prime p = ÃŽËÅ"(2cN), c à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 constant, and an element ÃŽÂ ± à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€  Zp of order q = ÃŽËÅ"(2N). If this has to be verià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ed then the factorization of q is given. The center publishes p, ÃŽÂ ± and q. Step 2 : Let U1,,Un be a (dynamic) subset of all users5 who want to generate a common conference key. Step 3 : Each Ui, i = 1,,n, selects6 rià ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€ R Zq, computes and broadcasts Zi=ÃŽÂ ±ri mod p . Step 4 : Each Ui, i = 1,,n, checks7 that ÃŽÂ ±q à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1(modp) and that (zj)q à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1(modp) for all j = 1,,n, and then computes and broadcasts Xi à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡(zi+1/zià ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1)ri (modp), where the indices are taken in a cycle. Step 5 : Each Ui, i = 1,,n, computes the conference key, Ki à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡(zià ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1)nri  ·Xin-1à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1  · Xi+1n-2  ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ · Xi-2 (modp). 3.4 Paper on Key Agreement in Dynamic Peer Groups: As a result of the increased popularity of group- oriented applications and protocols, group communication occurs in many different settings: from network multicasting to application layer tele- and video-conferencing. Regardless of the application environment, security services are necessary to provide communication privacy and integrity. This paper considers the problem of key agreement in dynamic peer groups. (Key agreement, especially in a group setting, is the steeping stone for all other security services.)Dynamic peer groups require not only initial key agreement (IKA) but also auxiliary key agreement (AKA) operations such as member addition, member deletion and group fusion. We discuss all group key agreement operations and present a concrete protocol suite, CLIQUES, which offers complete key agreement services. CLIQUES is based on multi-party extensions of the well-known Diffie-Hellman key exchange method. The protocols are efficient and provably secure against passive adversaries. 3.5 Comparative Study SR NO Paper Title And Methods Used Authors Name Mertis Demerits Problem Solution Future Work 1. Broadcast Encryption ( Symmetric Encryptions, Secret key Distributions management) A. Fiat and M. Naor Provides secure group-oriented communications Existing GKA protocols cannot handle sender/member changes efficiently Requires a trusted third party to distribute the keys. Using Asymmetric group key agreement (ASGKA) to overcome this. Future work will concern the implementation of the ASGKA scheme to incorporate the following. 2. Collusion Resistant Broadcast Encryption with short Ciphertext and private keys (Parameterization) Dan Boneh , Craig Gentry Provides a collusion resistant system. Cannot handle large sets of groups. Collusion resistant is limited to a relatively small group. Using appropriate parametrization Future works will concern the reduction of collusion by constructing both Ciphertext and private key of constant size. 3. A Conference Key Distribution System (Security in digital systems ,Conference key distribution) I. Ingemarsson, D.T. Tang and C.K. Wong Provides a system using That distributes key using contributory key generation. It is immune to insecurities due to symmetric functions of degree two. As the key was a symmetric function of degree two, it was insecure. Using a asymmetric function instead of symmetric function. Future research will be devoted to methods that can use asymmetric function for higher security. 4. Key Agreement in Dynamic Peer Groups (Multi-party Computation) Michael Steiner, Can handle system with constantly changing members and senders. It is not efficient for relatedly large set of groups. Works only for relatively small and non-hierarchical groups. Using key transport mechanism. Future research Will including the methods adopted in this. 5. Broadcast Encryption ( Symmetric Encryptions, Secret key Distributions management) A. Fiat and M. Naor Provides secure group-oriented communications It requires a fully trusted third party and direct link It is more expensive as direct link has to be established Cost can be minimised using Contributory key generation schemes or using Conbe Scheme. Future research will be including plans to implement the schemes to cut down expenses. 6. Contributory Broadcast Encryption With Efficient Encryption and Short Ciphertexts Qianhong ,Bo Qin, Lei Zhang,Josep Domingo-Ferrer Doesnt require trusted third Party to set up the system. As it is more flexible , it compromises on some set of performances. Cannot handle changes in server/member efficiently Using auxiliary group Encoding EXISTING SYSTEM EXISTING SYSTEM PROBLEM STATEMENT PROBLEM STATEMENT The prevailing broadcast encryption scheme can provide reliable end to end encryption, however requires a trusted third party to distribute the keys. Also the BE scheme requires to set a direct link with the receiver to enable the flow of information. Existing GKA protocols cannot handle sender/member the changes efficiently with the growing technologies and ad hoc devices, it is essential for the system to address and resolve the issue.Using Asymmetric group key agreement (ASGKA) the system can overcome the shortcomings of the BE system. Collusion Resistant Broadcast Encryption with short Ciphertext and private keys methodology used a symmetric key of degree two to mitigate collusion for a relatively short system. It could not handle or further avoid collusion for a large set of system.Using appropriate parameterization can aid the drawbacks of the system. Also as the key was a symmetric function of degree two, it was insecure and worked only for relatively small and non-hierarchical groups. A Conference Key Distribution System which uses security in digital systems and conference key distribution provides a system That distributes key using contributory key generation. It is immune to insecurities as it uses symmetric function of degree two. Key Agreement in Dynamic Peer Groups which uses multi-party Computation can handle system with constantly changing members and senders but It is not efficient for relatedly large set of groups. Using key transport mechanism, the range of the system can work efficiently for relatively larger set of group. The system will not require the sender to be the part of the group. SCOPE SCOPE PROPOSED SYSTEM PROPOSED SYSTEM Diffie-hellman algorithm Diffie-Hellman key exchange (D-H) [nb 1] is a specific method of securely exchanging cryptographic keys over a public channel and was one of the first public-key protocols as originally conceptualized by Ralph Merkle and named after WhitfieldDiffie and Martin Hellman. Step 1: Let the users be named sender and receiver. First, they agree on two prime numbers g and p, where p is large and g is a primitive root modulo p. Step 2: Now sender chooses a large random number a as her private key and receiver similarly chooses a large number b. Step 3: Sender then computes, which she sends to Receiver, and Receiver computes , which he sends to sender. Step 4: Now both Sender and Receiver compute their shared key , which Sender computes as and Receiver computes as Sender and Receiver can now use their shared key to exchange information without worrying about other users obtaining this information. In order for an attacker to do so, he would first need to obtain knowing only , , and . This can be done by computing from and from . This is the discrete logarithm problem, which is computationally infeasible for large . Computing the discrete logarithm of a number modulo takes roughly the same amount of time as factoring the product of two primes the same size as . 7.2MATHEMATICAL MODEL Group Key Agreement. For 1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤k à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤n, member k doesthe following: Randomly choose Xi,k à Ã‚ µG, ri,k à Ã‚ µZpÃÅ' ½; Compute Ri,k = gÃâ€" ¾ÃƒÅ Ã‚ ³i,k, Ai,k = e(Xi,k, g); Set PKk = ((R0,k , A0,k),à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.,(Rn,k, An,k)); For j = 1,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦., n ,jà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   k, computeà Ã†â€™i, j ,k=Xi,khjri,kfor i = 0,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦,n, with i à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  j; Set dj,k = (à Ã†â€™0,j,k,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.., à Ã†â€™jÃâ€" ¾1,j,k,à Ã†â€™j+1,j,k,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦,à Ã†â€™n,j;k); Publish (PKk, d1,k,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.,dkÃâ€" ¾1;k, dk+1,k,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦., dn,k); Compute dk,k accordingly and keep it secret. Group Encryption Key Derivation. The group encryption key is PK = PK0 PKn = ((R0,A0),à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦,(Rn,An)) where Ri =à Ã… ¸nk=1Ri,k,Ai =à Ã… ¸nk=1Ai,kfor i =0,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦,n. The group encryption key PK is publiclycomputable. Member Decryption Key Derivation: For 1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ià ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ n 1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤jà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ nand i à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   j, member j can compute herdecryption key dj = (à Ã†â€™ 0,j,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.., à Ã†â€™ jÃâ€" ¾1,j,à Ã†â€™j+1,j,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦,à Ã†â€™n,j) where n n n à Ã†â€™i,j= à Ã†â€™i,j,jà Ã… ¸Ãƒ Ã†â€™i,j,k= à Ã… ¸Ãƒ Ã†â€™i,j,k= à Ã… ¸Xi,khrj k=1,kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  1 k=1 k=1 7.3 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE Storage Server Upload File with privileges 1. Req File Search Files2.Access the file METHODOLOGY METHODOLOGY 8.1 FLOW CHART UML DIAGRAMS 8.2.1 Use Case Diagram Sequence Diagram Upload Files Upload File Response Register Register Confirmation Provide access Permission Request Search the file File request confirmation File sending response Req Sign Distribution Sign Res Status Class Diagram

Part Three Chapter II

II ‘Wha' d'you wan'?' Terri Weedon's shrunken body was dwarfed by her own doorway. She put claw-like hands on either jamb, trying to make herself more imposing, barring the entrance. It was eight in the morning; Krystal had just left with Robbie. ‘Wanna talk ter yeh,' said her sister. Broad and mannish in her white vest and tracksuit bottoms, Cheryl sucked on a cigarette and squinted at Terri through the smoke. ‘Nana Cath's died,' she said. ‘Wha'?' ‘Nana Cath's died,' repeated Cheryl loudly. ‘Like you fuckin' care.' But Terri had heard the first time. The news had hit her so hard in the guts that she had asked to hear it again out of confusion. ‘Are you blasted?' demanded Cheryl, glaring into the taut and empty face. ‘Fuck off. No, I ain't.' It was the truth. Terri had not used that morning; she had not used for three weeks. She took no pride in it; there was no star chart pinned up in the kitchen; she had managed longer than this before, months, even. Obbo had been away for the past fortnight, so it had been easier. But her works were still in the old biscuit tin, and the craving burned like an eternal flame inside her frail body. ‘She died yesterday. Danielle on'y fuckin' bothered to lemme know this mornin',' said Cheryl. ‘An' I were gonna go up the ‘ospital an' see ‘er again today. Danielle's after the ‘ouse. Nana Cath's ‘ouse. Greedy bitch.' Terri had not been inside the little terraced house on Hope Street for a long time, but when Cheryl spoke she saw, very vividly, the knick-knacks on the sideboard and the net curtains. She imagined Danielle there, pocketing things, ferreting in cupboards. ‘Funeral's Tuesday at nine, up the crematorium.' ‘Right,' said Terri. ‘It's our ‘ouse as much as Danielle's,' said Cheryl. ‘I'll tell ‘er we wan' our share. Shall I?' ‘Yeah,' said Terri. She watched until Cheryl's canary hair and tattoos had vanished around the corner, then retreated inside. Nana Cath dead. They had not spoken for a long time. I'm washin' my ‘ands of yeh. I've ‘ad enough, Terri, I've ‘ad it. She had never stopped seeing Krystal, though. Krystal had become her blue-eyed girl. She had been to watch Krystal row in her stupid boat races. She had said Krystal's name on her deathbed, not Terri's. Fine, then, you old bitch. Like I care. Too late now. Tight-chested and trembling, Terri moved through her stinking kitchen in search of cigarettes, but really craving the spoon, the flame and the needle. Too late, now, to say to the old lady what she ought to have said. Too late, now, to become again her Terri-Baby. Big girls don't cry †¦ big girls don't cry †¦ It had been years before she had realized that the song Nana Cath had sung her, in her rasping smoker's voice, was really ‘Sherry Baby'. Terri's hands scuttled like vermin through the debris on the work tops, searching for fag packets, ripping them apart, finding them all empty. Krystal had probably had the last of them; she was a greedy little cow, just like Danielle, riffling through Nana Cath's possessions, trying to keep her death quiet from the rest of them. There was a long stub lying on a greasy plate; Terri wiped it off on her T-shirt and lit it on the gas cooker. Inside her head, she heard her own eleven-year-old voice. I wish you was my mummy. She did not want to remember. She leaned up against the sink, smoking, trying to look forward, to imagine the clash that was coming between her two older sisters. Nobody messed with Cheryl and Shane: they were both handy with their fists, and Shane had put burning rags through some poor bastard's letter box not so long ago; it was why he'd done his last stretch, and he would still be inside if the house had not been empty at the time. But Danielle had weapons Cheryl did not: money and her own home, and a landline. She knew official people and how to talk to them. She was the kind that had spare keys, and mysterious bits of paperwork. Yet Terri doubted that Danielle would get the house, even with her secret weapons. There were more than just the three of them; Nana Cath had had loads of grandchildren and great-grandchildren. After Terri had been taken into care, her father had had more kids. Nine in total, Cheryl reckoned, to five different mothers. Terri had never met her half-siblings, but Krystal had told her that Nana Cath saw them. ‘Yeah?' she had retorted. ‘I hope they rob her blind, the stupid old bitch.' So she saw the rest of the family, but they weren't exactly angels, from all that Terri had heard. It was only she, who had once been Terri-Baby, whom Nana Cath had cut adrift for ever. When you were straight, evil thoughts and memories came pouring up out of the darkness inside you; buzzing black flies clinging to the insides of your skull. I wish you was my mummy. In the vest top that Terri was wearing today, her scarred arm, neck and upper back were fully exposed, swirled into unnatural folds and creases like melted ice cream. She had spent six weeks in the burns unit of South West General when she was eleven. (‘How did it happen, love?' asked the mother of the child in the next bed. Her father had thrown a pan of burning chip fat at her. Her Human League T-shirt had caught fire. †Naccident,' Terri muttered. It was what she had told everyone, including the social worker and the nurses. She would no sooner have shopped her father than chosen to burn alive. Her mother had walked out shortly after Terri's eleventh birthday, leaving all three daughters behind. Danielle and Cheryl had moved in with their boyfriends' families within days. Terri had been the only one left, trying to make chips for her father, clinging to the hope that her mother would come back. Even through the agony and the terror of those first days and nights in the hospital, she had been glad it had happened, because she was sure that her mum would hear about it and come and get her. Every time there was movement at the end of the ward, Terri's heart would leap. But in six long weeks of pain and loneliness, the only visitor had been Nana Cath. Through quiet afternoons and evenings, Nana Cath had come to sit beside her granddaughter, reminding her to say thank you to the nurses, grim-faced and strict, yet leaking unexpected tenderness. She brought Terri a cheap plastic doll in a shiny black mac, but when Terri undressed her, she had nothing on underneath. ‘She's got no knickers, Nana.' And Nana Cath had giggled. Nana Cath never giggled. I wish you was my mummy. She had wanted Nana Cath to take her home. She had asked her to, and Nana Cath had agreed. Sometimes Terri thought that those weeks in hospital had been the happiest of her life, even with the pain. It had been so safe, and people had been kind to her and looked after her. She had thought that she was going home with Nana Cath, to the house with the pretty net curtains, and not back to her father; not back to the bedroom door flying open in the night, banging off the David Essex poster Cheryl had left behind, and her father with his hand on his fly, approaching the bed where she begged him not to †¦ ) The adult Terri threw the smoking filter of the cigarette stub down onto the kitchen floor and strode to her front door. She needed more than nicotine. Down the path and along the street she marched, walking in the same direction as Cheryl. Out of the corner of her eye she saw them, two of her neighbours chatting on the pavement, watching her go by. Like a fucking picture? It'll last longer. Terri knew that she was a perennial subject of gossip; she knew what they said about her; they shouted it after her sometimes. The stuck-up bitch next door was forever whining to the council about the state of Terri's garden. Fuck them, fuck them, fuck them †¦ She was jogging along, trying to outrun the memories. You don't even know who the father is, do yeh, yer whore? I'm washin' my ‘ands of yeh, Terri, I've ‘ad enough. That had been the last time they had ever spoken, and Nana Cath had called her what everyone else called her, and Terri had responded in kind. Fuck you, then, you miserable old cow, fuck you. She had never said, ‘You let me down, Nana Cath.' She had never said, ‘Why didn't you keep me?' She had never said, ‘I loved you more than anyone, Nana Cath.' She hoped to God Obbo was back. He was supposed to be back today; today or tomorrow. She had to have some. She had to. ‘All righ', Terri?' ‘Seen Obbo?' she asked the boy who was smoking and drinking on the wall outside the off licence. The scars on her back felt as though they were burning again. He shook his head, chewing, leering at her. She hurried on. Nagging thoughts of the social worker, of Krystal, of Robbie: more buzzing flies, but they were like the staring neighbours, judges all; they did not understand the terrible urgency of her need. (Nana Cath had collected her from the hospital and taken her home to the spare room. It had been the cleanest, prettiest room Terri had ever slept in. On each of the three evenings she had spent there, she had sat up in bed after Nana Cath had kissed her goodnight, and rearranged the ornaments beside her on the windowsill. There had been a tinkling bunch of glass flowers in a glass vase, a plastic pink paperweight with a shell in it and Terri's favourite, a rearing pottery horse with a silly smile on its face. ‘I like horses,' she had told Nana Cath. There had been a school trip to the agricultural show, in the days before Terri's mother had left. The class had met a gigantic black Shire covered in horse brasses. She was the only one brave enough to stroke it. The smell had intoxicated her. She had hugged its column of a leg, ending in the massive feathered white hoof, and felt the living flesh beneath the hair, while her teacher said, ‘Careful, Terri, careful!' and the old man with the horse had smiled at her and told her it was quite safe, Samson wouldn't hurt a nice little girl like her. The pottery horse was a different colour: yellow with a black mane and tail. ‘You can ‘ave it,' Nana Cath told her, and Terri had known true ecstasy. But on the fourth morning her father had arrived. ‘You're comin' home,' he had said, and the look on his face had terrified her. ‘You're not stayin' with that fuckin' grassin' old cow. No, you ain't. No, you ain't, you little bitch.' Nana Cath was as frightened as Terri. ‘Mikey, no,' she kept bleating. Some of the neighbours were peering through the windows. Nana Cath had Terri by one arm, and her father had the other. ‘You're coming home with me!' He blacked Nana Cath's eye. He dragged Terri into his car. When he got her back to the house, he beat and kicked every bit of her he could reach.) ‘Seen Obbo?' Terri shouted at Obbo's neighbour, from fifty yards away. ‘Is ‘e back?' ‘I dunno,' said the woman, turning away. (When Michael was not beating Terri, he was doing the other things to her, the things she could not talk about. Nana Cath did not come any more. Terri ran away at thirteen, but not to Nana Cath's; she did not want her father to find her. They caught her anyway, and put her into care.) Terri thumped on Obbo's door and waited. She tried again, but nobody came. She sank onto the doorstep, shaking and began to cry. Two truanting Winterdown girls glanced at her as they passed. ‘Tha's Krystal Weedon's mum,' one of them said loudly. ‘The prozzie?' the other replied at the top of her voice. Terri could not muster the strength to swear at them, because she was crying so hard. Snorting and giggling, the girls strode out of sight. ‘Whore!' one of them called back from the end of the street.

How to Arrange Critical Analysis on Their Eyes Were Watching God

So, this is the day, when you reached the last page of Zola Neale Hurston’s work of literature â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God†. Critical analysis you’re supposed to perform on the basis of this masterpiece is a way to share your personal viewpoint and express in what way you interpret the book. Moreover, this is your chance to study the piece of literature more accurately. Introduction Start your critical analysis of the book â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God† with general observation of the subject. A lot of students tend to make use of a so-called â€Å"hook† to catch the reader’s eye, while the others provide a thought-provoking rhetorical question, tell an interesting fact related to the book. In order to attract your reader to the literature work of Hurston, make sure to mention that the book was initially poorly received because of â€Å"too much racism and feminism in it†. Make sure to give enough background information in order to successfully establish the context for the assignment subject. For instance, one can mention that the author of the book was raised in Eatonville that is famous for being the first all-black United States city. State what the key topic of the paper is together with an explanation why the arguments provided by the author are important. As a rule, all the detailed explanations of why the author’s claims are important are called in critical analysis â€Å"so what†. Once you’re done with stating a claim, sit down and ask yourself this very question – â€Å"so what?† and clearly write down the answer you have come up with. Body Start every paragraph of the essay’s body with a topic sentence, making sure that each one is related to one of the key aspects of the project main idea. These sentences are called â€Å"analysis sub-claims† that you can argue or prove with solid evidence. Each sub-claim is supposed to be supported by suitable quote from the text. If you claim that â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God† is a feminism-based novel, make sure you are ready to prove that. As an example, one can refer to the Hurston’s book main character – Janie. This person is dreaming about a perfect world, where every woman can find the right place in life and have a happy marriage. Explain in what way Janie differs from all her â€Å"colleagues† of the same sex and make sure to state why this character’s analysis is important and how it is related to the key idea of your paper. Conclusion Provide a clear restatement of the main idea of your paper. In case you consider Hurston’s novel â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God† to be ahead of its time, make sure to restate the reasons why you’re so certain about that. Rather than repeating huge piles of content, it is recommended to restate the smaller details and discuss in what way the analysis you have performed matters in the modern world. Explain how the critical viewpoints on â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God† may affect the lifelines of a young reader.

Darmstadtium Facts - Ununnilium Facts

Kate Chopin s The Story Of An Hour And A Doll House

Long before the 20th century women were not as respected as today. Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and â€Å"A Doll House,† written by Henrik Ibsen, are two perfect examples of what can happen when one tires to cadge a kindred spirit. Both women are faced with some hard times and are forced to look within themselves to figure out the true meaning of a fulfilled life. While the two come to this decision in different ways and also meet different fates, they realize they are more than just a doll or a pet to society, and choose a life of freedom over everything and anything else. In â€Å"A Doll House† Chopin’s character, Nora Helmer, is a woman with a rare mindset. Helmer believes her actions throughout the play were noble because she acted out of love, but when her husband finds out the lies she told Helmer’s biggest fear of her husband leaving her comes true; and she loses her husband, also like the character in â€Å"The Story of an Hour†. As the writers for Enotes support, when Helmer’s husband recounts his actions trying to reconcile with her and attempts to come back into her life (like Mallard’s husband as well), she realizes her husband is actually â€Å"a selfish, pretentious hypocrite with no regard for her position in the matter† (1), she also becomes aware that â€Å"she is not a doll to flatter Torvald’s selfish vanity† (1). In the play Helmer tries to explain to her husband how she feels by stating â€Å"[n]ow when I look back, it seems as if I’d lived here like a beggar- ju st from handShow MoreRelatedHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House1563 Words   |  7 Pages In the play, A Doll House by Henrik Ibsen, the title itself symbolizes the dependent and degraded role of the wife within traditional marriages. Ibsen portrayed the generous nature root into women by society, as well as the significant action of this nature, and lastly the need for them to find their own voice in a world ruled by men. Ibsen wrote this play in 1879, this is the era where women were obedient to men, tend the children until their husband came home, and stood by the Cult of DomesticityRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin955 Words   |  4 PagesThe story of an hour by Kate Chopin provides many examples of â€Å"inside† and â€Å"outside†. My first impression I get of Mrs. Mallard when she is told that her husband has been killed in a train accident was normal. Mrs. Mallard had just found out that she lost her spouse and she grieves which is normal in such a situation. But the thing that obstructed my impression of her was when she went to her room. She started to stare out the open window and came to the sudden realization that she was free. â€Å"WhenRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin And Daystar By Rita Dove872 Words   |  4 PagesIn the poem the story of an hour by Kate Chopin and Daystar by Rita dove the both attempt overcome their obsession by finding an outlet. Involved toned to warming I m trying to find something to do or something to watch to comfort them. Both woman wanted freedom. Freedom to be themselves. This theme can apply to many women of there time.Woman did not really have much power or say in anything that went on. Women where really the ones that stayed at home. They took care of the family and tendRead MoreFreedom Versus Confinement By Henrik Chopin1524 Words   |  7 Pageshappened in the house or how things were to be done that was the husband’s job. The man was obligated to get married, take care of his wife and household (money wise). The men were typically more free then the women. But true freedom is being able to live for yourself and do what you wanted to how you wanted to do it. Neither were truly free. During this time period, many writers and poets would using poems and stories to discuss these issues. Writer Henrik Ibsen and poet Kate Chopin are perfect examples

Zimbabwe Free Essays

string(18) " was one of them\." Q. 1. The potential revenue of the field. We will write a custom essay sample on Zimbabwe or any similar topic only for you Order Now Find the most reliable figure for this, tell where you obtained it and explain why you think it is the most reliable figure that you could obtain. Ans. 1. Zimbabwe started selling diamonds and earned more than ?1 billion by selling diamonds (The Press Association). The soldiers forced people to work harder. They also tortured them and their children with heavily armed force. There is no official estimate for the revenue from selling stones and diamonds in that sector but an unofficial estimated range is showing ?1. billion from that field in Zimbabwe (The Press Association). The eastern alluvial diamond fields of diamond estimated to meet one-forth demand of the total demand of diamond across the world in 2006. They earned high revenue and profit by trading diamonds into several countries, like, Israel, India, Lebanon and Russia. The government of Zimbabwe earned $20 million from the legal sale of diamonds in 2008 (The Press Association). But the important thing is that most of the earned income and revenue of mining diamonds is illegal and it has no governmental or official record. If a Chinese mining company wants to set up a legal partnership with Zimbabwe government then it will achieve great revenue with high profit and growth through mining diamond in Marange which is a newly founded diamond field in Zimbabwe. This particular field of diamond is situated in the eastern field which earned high revenue through diamond mining in Zimbabwe. To expand their trade facilities, they arranged some private planes to bring buyers from foreign countries. Most of the diamond fields in Zimbabwe are illegal and distributing conflicting diamonds to many countries. These illegal mining fields are expecting high profit and thus they forced poor people to work harder under the mechanism of ‘Dig or Die’ (The Press Association). Poor people are bound to work under the heavily armed security guard in these illegal fields of diamond. According to Abbey Chikane, the Kimberley Process monitor for Zimbabwe, marked the Marange Diamond field in Zimbabwe as a certified diamond field to export conflict-free diamonds to meet the demand of diamond across the world (Mutsaka, Wonacott and Childress, 2010). The human right organization of Zimbabwe is protesting the diamond mining though several illegal diamond fields which are doing illegal activities through killing many poor helpless men, raping women and torturing children to get hard work from them. To solve these problems, the government of Zimbabwe has become very serious to set up legal diamond mines to export conflict-free diamonds. Q. 2. Who controls the Mining Development Corporation? Do they have any existing joint venture partners? Who in the Zimbabwean government will influence decisions regarding the investment? Ans. 2. Diamond exporting and supplying business is currently controlled by the government of Zimbabwe. Though it is controlled by the government, there is a presence of powerful illegal diamond fields in Zimbabwe and these fields are engaged in several illegal and non-ethical activities with the help of the armed police and security guard force of Zimbabwe. The presence of political battle and high rate of corruption in the Zimbabwean economic, political and social atmospheres guided the government to a wrong direction. Being the Zimbabwe monitor of the world diamond control body, Abbey Chikane, also stated that the diamonds are ready for sale in the international market to provide minimum international standard of diamond (Mutsaka, Wonacott and Childress, 2010). According to the investors, the mining of diamond in Marange was conducted through use of virtual slaves under the control of armed soldiers in 2008 (Mutsaka, Wonacott and Childress, 2010). Therefore, this field is not working legally or the government may be not serious about fact of diamond mining in Zimbabwe. The Kimberley Process is an international monitoring body to control conflict-free diamond supply from certified diamond fields under governmental rules and regulations. Mr. Chikane announced that Zimbabwe can start trading the Marange diamonds under proper guidance of the government of Zimbabwe. According to him, the Zimbabwe government has taken several effective steps to regulate legal diamond fields and to remove illegal sources of diamond. The Kimberley Process did not consider the fact of taking steps against governments which violated the rules of the human-rights organization in Zimbabwe in diamond mining. The Kimberley team investigated that the heavily armed security forces killed many people, raped women who were illegally mining in the Marange fields in July, 2008 (Mutsaka, Wonacott and Childress, 2010). But the officials denied these charges against them and the government and they told that the security guards were there to give protection to the governmental part of the Marange diamond fields in Zimbabwe. The Kimberley members restricted sales of diamonds by the Marange diamond fields as they were supplying non-certified stones in the international market with proper certificates. This helped to get certification for the diamond fields in Zimbabwe. It also allowed exporting several other legal diamond fields into the foreign market. Zimbabwe’s government earned $20 million from the legal fields of diamonds in 2008 (The Press Association). There are some political conflicts in Zimbabwe in the issue of diamond exporting and mining from legal and illegal diamond fields of the country. After the election in Zimbabwe in 2008, the situation in Marange diamond field has become very much concern about their effectiveness of the Kimberley Process. A top member of the World Diamond Council, Martin Rapaport reigned from the Kimberley Process to protest against their activity and controlling mechanism of the process. Human rights organizations in Zimbabwe are now become very much concern about the export of diamond in the international market after getting the green signal to restart the sale of diamonds from the Marange diamond fields, where heavily armed soldiers deployed by the President Robert Mugabe have been charged for conducting illegal activities (Peta, 2010). The Zimbabwean government investigated that more than 4 million carats of diamonds were founded from the controversial fields of the Zimbabwean diamond fields. Marange was one of them. You read "Zimbabwe" in category "Papers" The estimated value of the total sale of diamonds will be around $1. 7bn according to the Zimbabwe’s 2010 budget and that will be very much helpful to provide a boost to the economic condition of Zimbabwe (Peta, 2010). Investment from the foreign investors is always encouraged the mining development corporation of Zimbabwe. To meet the international demand of diamond, they are gradually expanding their international business through legal export of conflict-free diamonds of certified diamond fields of Zimbabwe. To increase their revenue, the government of Zimbabwe is very much interested to incorporate many foreign investors across the world. The director of the Centre for Research and Development which is a Zimbabwean human-rights organization was tracking the operations in Marange diamond field in Zimbabwe (Peta, 2010). According to them at the end of 2008, there was no improvement in the condition of the human rights in the Marange diamond field. Mr. Maguwu, the director of the research and development centre, also showed how diamonds from the Marange Diamond field were being smuggled out from Zimbabwe to Mozambique and it became a profitable strategy for the soldiers of Zimbabwe through illegal diamond export to other foreign countries (Peta, 2010). The Zimbabwe government forced the African Consolidated Resources to take back their claims against the government and their officials in the issue of diamond supply and export from the Marange diamond field in Zimbabwe at the end of 2006. The high court of Zimbabwe decided that all diamond mines should hand over their power of illegal diamond export to the central bank of Zimbabwe and those mines could get back their power after resolving the dispute in 2008 (Peta, 2010). Therefore, after the political and social battle in Zimbabwean diamond fields, it has become mandatory to get certified by the government, the diamond research and development centre and also by the human rights organization of Zimbabwe. Game Theory: Q. 3. Game theory is very useful in planning strategy. Your firm, if it decides that it is a good investment, wants to win the rights to develop the mine. Explain how you can use game theory to plot a winning strategy. Ans. 3. If the Chinese firm decides that it will be a good investment and also wants to win the rights to develop the diamond mines in Zimbabwe, then they should follow a strategic plan with game theory application. The firm can invest in the Marange diamond field through legal contract of partnership with the mining company. They should be aware of the fact that there are no illegal activities in the mining field against the human rights organization in Zimbabwe. The government of Zimbabwe should follow ethics of the social and political aspects in the case of diamond mining from different legal fields of diamond. According to the perfect formation of the game of this case of development in the field of diamonds, the most effective and suitable pay-off will be the combination of the investment of the Chinese firm and the investment in the legal fields of certified diamonds in Zimbabwe. The investment of the Chinese firm will be more profitable if the firm can invest into a legal field of diamonds, rather than investment into an illegal field of diamonds. There are some other factors related with social, ethical and legal perspectives of the country in the case of diamond mining. These aspects should be highly concerned by the Chinese company who is very much interested to get with some Zimbabwean mining company through legal partnership contract. The Chinese company can get high revenue and profit if it makes a contract with an illegal company but other social, legal and ethical aspects will not be there. There may be several strategies but only one pay-off will be economically, financially, legally and ethically viable for this case. Pricing Strategies: Q. 4. Explain why the price of diamonds in international markets is so high. Note that a good answer to this question will involve research into the pricing strategies of the firms that sell diamonds as well as the application of basic economic principles. Ans. 4. The price of diamond is very high in the international market. If demand increases for a commodity, the price of that commodity will also increase keeping other factors as unchanged. The demand curve of a commodity is downward slopping in the price of the commodity and the quantity demanded for the commodity framework. Demand Curve of commodity: Price Demand Curve †¢ Quantity Demanded (Source: varian, 2003, pp. 4-6) The price of the commodity and the quantity demanded of the commodity are taken respectively as the vertical and the horizontal line of the diagram. The demand of diamond is gradually increasing in the international market. In the above diagram, according to the basic concept of the demand curve, the demand is dependent on the price of the commodity. Therefore, the price of any commodity should also be dependent on the demand of the commodity. In general, if the demand increases, the price should fall according to the demand curve. But in this case, the price of diamonds is gradually increasing with the increase in the price of the diamonds. The price of the diamonds is very high in the international market to reduce the demand of diamonds in scarcity of diamonds in the global market. The scarcity of diamonds is the main reason for the increasing price of diamonds in the international market. At present, there are few diamond mines from which high quality diamonds can be found. On the other hand, there are few diamond mining companies in the world. Therefore, the competition in these companies is negligible. If a firm with monopoly power in a market increases the price of its commodity, there will be no change in the demand of the commodity. This advantage for the diamond mining companies encourages them to increase the price to achieve high revenue and profit from this business. In the competitive market the firms can not increase the prices of their products because if they increase the price the demand of the product will reduce in those firms and the consumer will prefer to buy from any other firm at lower price of the commodity. There is another important reason for the increment of the price of diamonds in the international market. Most of the exported diamonds are smuggled out from the African diamond fields in different countries. These smugglers have fixed very high price for these diamonds in the foreign market. Though this reason is illegal and not providing any economic theory, it is a very important reason for the high price of diamonds. Ethics: Q. 5. What is the Kimberly Process Certification Scheme? What are the elements of the scheme? Does this investment satisfy these? Why or why not? Ans. 5. Mines Minister of Zimbabwe, Obert Mpofu, stated that more than 90% of the total demand from the international market was achieved by the trade watchdog, the Kimberley Process group in November in 2009 (BBC News, 2009). The armed police force in the diamond mining field killed more than 200 poor people by torturing them at the Marange field of diamonds (The Press Association). The activists wanted to remove these pathetic and illegal activities which were gradually reducing the socio-economic culture of the economy. They also announced to reform the planning and controlling strategies of diamond fields in Zimbabwe and they fixed 2010 as the deadline of this reformation (BBC News, 2009). The Kimberley process is a controlling body under the governmental power in Zimbabwe. With the help of this organization, the government earned a lot revenue and profit but it was not helpful to maintain social, legal and ethical aspects of the economy. To achieve high profit and growth, this organization forced people to work harder in the diamond fields of Marange. The security guards killed many people, raped women and forced children to work continuously in the fields. The Kimberley Process decided to work against the human rights groups of Zimbabwe. Therefore, this process is not concern about the ethics of the organization and they are away from maintaining social responsibilities in Zimbabwe. The government denied these charges against their officials and they are still not very much worried about the fact. The 70-member Kimberley Process group approved a compromise diamond contract at a summit in Namibia in 2009 (BBC News, 2009). To maintain balance in the socio-economic aspects of the economy, an independent monitoring body with independent inspector was established. This organization mainly monitors the diamond mining from the controversial fields. As this process is completely away from maintaining ethics and any other social responsibilities, the investment in this organization will not provide any knowledge of social, economic, legal and ethical responsibilities. This will not be suitable or helpful for the future in a long-run perspective. Q. 6. Do you think that this investment is ethical? Why or why not? Ans. 6. Investment in this organization or process will not be an ethical decision for the Chinese mining company. This process helped to work illegally to achieve high profit in an illegal diamond mining sector. This process is not maintaining any ethics which should be helpful for long-term planning. This process also affects the environmental degradation in Zimbabwe. It is also damaging farming irrigation systems in Zimbabwe (Conflict Blood Diamonds, 2009). If the Chinese mining company wants to observe a sustainable growth and development for a long-term perspective, they should not go for the partnership contract with the Marange Diamond mining fields and should not even go for investing in these illegal unauthorized and non-certified diamond mining fields in Zimbabwe. How to cite Zimbabwe, Papers

Contribution of Emily Dickinson in American Literature Essay Example For Students

Contribution of Emily Dickinson in American Literature Essay Contribution of Emily Dickinson in American Literature It is said that maturation of American letters first took place during the era of American Romanticism, which is also called the American Renaissance era. As stated by Woodlief, during this era, excitement over human possibilities, and a high regard for individual ego. It was the time when the natural goodness of man was the primary belief of American people. They were of the notions that natural goodness comes in natural environment and in such circumstances, man would behave well. Another school of thought in that era suggested that surrounding environment of a person can hinder his thought process. During that era, faith in emotion, spontaneity, and sincerity were the key markers of truth and relations. Romantic Movement was the era during which the value of self-expression was higher than self-presentation and others perceptions about ones self. People belonged to Romanticism era contemplated nature as a source of inspiration, pleasure, and the way of quenching ones thirst for understanding and acquaintance. Writers of that era found their nspiration and wisdom in nature. Most of them often focus on comparing the amusing simplicity of nature with the unnatural societal constraints in their write- ups. The era discussed above ranged between 1828 and 1865; and, it was the time in America when the country experienced independence for the very first time as it had set itself apart from the Great Britain. This sense of independence had immensely influenced the individuality and uniqueness of new writers and artists of America in their work. The fire of creativity ignited among the people of that era that ed them to tremendous cultural growth that gave birth to the modernized and organized America of today. The eminence of the Romanticism movement was nurtured by the poetic majesty depicting nature; flourished by imagery, irony, and originality in literature; and by the topics highlighting freedom and equality against guilt and salvation. Woodlief has written in his research on Romanticism movement, The American brand of romanticism developed its own character, especially as these writers tried self-consciously to be new and original. Other researchers contemplate hat the primary reason behind the success of this movement is the amount of creativity and uniqueness with cultural growth given to American literature and art. Woodlief said that the movement tremendously depicted practical that included the essential of making a living and establishing political independence had been squared. The majority of researchers said that period froml 850-1855 was the glory years in that movement which is surprisingly a short period of time but extensive work had been done during this period. Like other writers and poets, the work of Emily Dickinson had greatly impacted the American Romanticism. She had embellished American literacy with her imagery, wisdom and creativity to give new meanings of life. Reviewers say that the work contributed by Dickinson has left a mark of distinctiveness on American literature. During the peak of her poetic career, she wrote a number of poems but only quite a few poems were published. However, which she took to a friend who was a publisher too. In 1890 the very first poetic compilation of Emilys work was published. Initially Lavinia was a bit hesitant about publishing Emilys work. However, the response publisher got after the publication of Emilys work was very surprising as the first volume became tremendously popular and the demand for more volumes of Dickinsons magnificent poetic works came from the entire America. Emily Dickinson has written on verity of subjects that ranged from elaboration on nature to depth of religion. In addition to that, a number of her poems written lately in her career also involved the complexity along with the necessity of faith. In her poem, called a comic valentine, she has displayed wit that would later e so prominent a feature of her mature verse (Waggoner 2004). .u8091d9c859e3463aa134ae17a3cfa39e , .u8091d9c859e3463aa134ae17a3cfa39e .postImageUrl , .u8091d9c859e3463aa134ae17a3cfa39e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8091d9c859e3463aa134ae17a3cfa39e , .u8091d9c859e3463aa134ae17a3cfa39e:hover , .u8091d9c859e3463aa134ae17a3cfa39e:visited , .u8091d9c859e3463aa134ae17a3cfa39e:active { border:0!important; } .u8091d9c859e3463aa134ae17a3cfa39e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8091d9c859e3463aa134ae17a3cfa39e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8091d9c859e3463aa134ae17a3cfa39e:active , .u8091d9c859e3463aa134ae17a3cfa39e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8091d9c859e3463aa134ae17a3cfa39e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8091d9c859e3463aa134ae17a3cfa39e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8091d9c859e3463aa134ae17a3cfa39e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8091d9c859e3463aa134ae17a3cfa39e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8091d9c859e3463aa134ae17a3cfa39e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8091d9c859e3463aa134ae17a3cfa39e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8091d9c859e3463aa134ae17a3cfa39e .u8091d9c859e3463aa134ae17a3cfa39e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8091d9c859e3463aa134ae17a3cfa39e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Martin Luther King Jr The Assassination of a Civil EssayDespite the fact that there was traditional touch in her work, her poetries are also full of some unconventional, nonliterary forms of writing available. A poem, called Because I could not stop for Death, explains the clear gestures of Romanticism in quite elegant ways. In her first stanza, she says, Because I could not stop for death, he kindly stopped for me; the carriage held but Just ourselves and immortality. This is a true depiction of characteristics of literature in that era. Dickinsons poems are full of hemes related with human mortality. Dickinson usually found to inquire about what lies beyond death in most of her poems. All these characteristics of Dickinsons works relate her directly with the subjects popular in romanticism era. All in all, it would not be erroneous to establish here that Dickinsons work clearly depicts her eagerness for knowledge and wisdom, especially her desire to know what comes next and eternity. Works cited Waggoner, Hyatt H. (2004). Emily Dickinson. Encyclopedia Americana. Pages 80-81. Woodlief, Ann. American Romanticism. August 31, 2013